Lesson: -ed vs. -ing Adjectives

1. Introduction to Participle Adjectives

In English, many adjectives end in -ed or -ing. These are often created from verbs. Choosing the correct ending can be confusing, but the rule is very simple once you understand the difference between causes and effects.

2. Understanding -ed Adjectives

We use -ed adjectives to describe emotions or feelings. They tell us how a person or an animal feels in a specific moment.

Important Rules for -ed

Keep these conditions in mind when using words ending in -ed:

• Living Things Only: Generally, only people and animals have feelings.
  The dog was frightened.
• Prepositions: -ed adjectives are often followed by prepositions.
  I am interested in history.

3. Understanding -ing Adjectives

We use -ing adjectives to describe the situations , things, or people that cause the feeling.

Common Uses of -ing

You will use -ing adjectives in the following ways:

1. Describing Objects/Events:The grammar lesson is confusing. (The lesson causes the confusion).
2. Describing People's Personalities:John is a boring person. (John makes other people feel bored).
3. Describing Experiences:Our trip to Japan was amazing.

4. Common Adjective Pairs

Here is a list of common 動詞 (verbs) and their two adjective forms to help you practice.